Passive Sentence

    In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.Only transitive verbs are used in the passive.

Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Persuading and Encouraging, Preventing Someone from Doing Something

Persuading

Persuading is expressions to make someone agree to do something, make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to them and making them believe it. the act of influencing the mind by arguments  or reasons offered, with anything that moves the mind.

2nd and 3rd Conditional Sentences

1. 2nd Conditional Sentences

a. Definition:

2nd conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future. This page will explain how the second conditional is formed, and when to use it.  (Contrary-fact)

Asking about Possibilities, Expressing Curiosity and Desire, Expressing Views

Asking About Possibilities

To know, to find, to inform possibilities the following phrases might be useful.

Do you think it is possible

• ·         Is it likely to….
• ·         Is there any chance?
• ·         Can she be…?
• ·         I think it is going to….
• ·         I bet…..
• ·         It’s quite possible
• ·         It seems probable
• ·         It looks like
• ·         It is not unlikely
• ·         It is more than likely…..
• ·         I won’t be surprised if……
• ·         In all likelihood…..

Making Suggestion and Requesting Something

There are a number of ways used when making suggestions :

1)  WHAT ABOUT/HOW ABOUT ... + Base form + -ING

     • What about going to the swimming pool tomorrow?

     •  How about going to the swimming pool tomorrow?

2)  WHY + Negative

•  Why don't we go to the swimming pool tomorrow?

3)  IMPERATIVE: Let's + Base form

• Let's go to the swimming pool tomorrow! 

4)   COULD

• We could go to the swimming pool tomorrow.

5)   DO YOU WANT + the infinitive

         Do you want to go to the swimming pool tomorrow.

Complaining and Giving Instruction

Giving instruction 

The Definition of Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that order that other person does what we instruct or request, or giving imperative to other people for to do or not to do something, Giving instruction sometimes called comperative/prohibition.

NOTE:

The tense used in giving instruction is “SIMPLE PRESENT”

Forms of Giving Instruction

There are two form of giving instruction, those are:

Contrastive Conjunction and Modal Perfect

Types of conjunction

Different types of conjunctions link information in different ways. It is important to know which conjunctions establish which types of links.

There are five main types of conjunction in English.

Discussion Text

Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue. The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and information from differing viewpoints.


Discussion texts are usually written in the present tense.

Points to check: 


 Have you been fair to both sides?
 Have you supported your views with reasons ande vidence?
 In your conclusion, have you given a reason for what you have decided?


Structure of a discussion are: 

 Issue : contains of statement and preview about something.
 Arguments for/Supporting arguments : after stating the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to support that one point is agreeing.
Arguments against : beside the supporting argument, discussion text need the arguments which disagree to the stated issue. 
 Recommendation/conclusion : It is used to tell how to solve issue by concerning the arguements for and against.


Language Features of Discussion Text 

· Introducing category or generic participant 
· Relating verb/to be: is, am, are, etc
· Using thinking verb: feel, hope, believe, etc
· Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection: similarly, on the hand, however, etc
· Using modalities: must, should, could, may, etc
· Using adverbial of manner: deliberately, hopefully, etc
· Conjunction/transition: although, even, if, etc

Bringing Mobile Phone To School

[Issue] Students are not allowed to bring mobile phone to school. The reasons why they shouldn't bring mobile phone are: avoiding losing mobile phone and disturbing the lesson time.

[Argument against] This policy causes parents to react. Some of them disagrees. They think students need to bring mobile phone in order to be easy checked and controlled. Some parents say that they may call their children every break time to check whether they are in the school or not. Other parents state that they don't want their children to come home late. By bringing mobile phone they are able to call their children after school off.

[Argument against] Students also have some objections. They need mobile phone to tell their family to pick them up after school. Beside that, they need mobile phone to access the internet to search some information they need during the lesson.

[Argument for] But, some other parents think differently. The parents agrees if the school prohibits students to bring mobile phone. They say that bringing mobile phone to school is useless. They are afraid their students are busy with their mobile phone. They are only calling, sending text, chatting and receiving inappropriate file during the school time. They are also worried if the mobile phone is missing.

[Recommendation] By hearing to those arguments, the school decide some policies. The policies state that students may bring mobile phone but they should leave their mobile phone in the teachers' room. They may take their mobile phone after school time.

Narrative Text

       Narrative text is a text that purpose to amuse or to entertain the reader or the listener and deal with actual or vicariousexperience in different ways to the reader or listener. 

Admitting Mistakes and Making Promises

Admitting Mistakes 

   Admitting mistake is the way to admit and ask for a sorry of your mistake.

Note :

   Mistake is a misunderstanding or misconception or an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgement caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.

   When you have a mistake to someone you need to plead your mistake, so the problem will be clear.

Benefits of admitting mistakes :

• it demonstrates your courage
• It demonstrates your humanity
• It engenders more trusting relationship
• It creates greater organizational value

Admitting mistakes expressions :

• I’m sorry, it’s my fault.
• You’re right. I’m fully responsible for this matter.
• I admit what I’ve done is wrong.
• I realize I’ve made mistakes.
• Yes, I take the blame.
• It’s my istakes. Forgive me.
• It shouldn’t be like this. Forgive me.
• I never intended it that way

Responds an admit of mistake:

• Don’t mention it.
• That would be okay
• Just take it easy
• Let it go
• Forget it
• That’s fine
• I give you sorry
• It doesn’t matter for me

Bussines Letter

The block format is the simplest format; all of the writing is flush against the left margin.

Your Address 1

The return address of the sender so the recipient can easily find out where to send a reply to.

•   British English

Position        : In the top right corner of the letter.

 •   American English

Position      : In the top left corner, below the date, or at the end of the letter (below thesignature)

Date 2
Put the date on which the letter was written in the format

•       British English

Write                        :30 October 2003

Position                    :On the right, one line below the sender's address

•       American English

Write                        : October 30, 2003

Position                    : Top left corner

Inside Address 3

The address of the person you are writing to along with the name of the recipient, their title and company name.

British English Ms /Miss/Mrs/Mr/Dr... Company Name(optional) house number and the street place area code COUNTRY (in capital letters)

American English Ms/Miss/Mrs/Mr/Dr... Company Name(optional) house number and th street place, area code COUNTRY (in capital letters)

Salutation 4

•            If you know the person's name:

a.          In British English, don't use anypunctuation  mark or use a comma.

Dear Ms / Miss / Mrs / Mr +lastname,

Example: Dear Mr Miller or Dear Mr Miller,

Dear + surname,

Example: Dear Chris Miller or Dear Chris Miller,

b.         In American English, use a colon (:)

Dear Ms. / Miss. / Mrs. / Mr. +lastname:

Example: Dear Mr. Miller:

Dear + surname:

Example: Dear Chris Miller:

c.          To Whom It May Concern/Dear Sir or Madam: if recipient's name is unknown.

Subject Line (optional) 5 

Makes it easier for the recipient to find out what the letter is about.

•            British English

The subject line is usually placed between the salutation and the body of the letter.

•            American English

In American English, the subject line can also be placed between the recipient's address and the salutation.

Body 6

The body is where you write the content of the letter.

Closing 7

Complimentery Close
Yours faithfully,If you do not know the name of the person

Yours sincerely,
If you know the name of the person

Signature 8

Printed Name 9

The printed version of  writer/sender, and if desired writer/sender can put a title or position, then print it underneath the signature.

Enclosure(optional) 10

If you wish to enclose documents, you can write the word 'Enclosure' below the printed name.Type "Enclosures (#)" with the # being the number of other documents enclosed.

Reference Initials(optional) 11

If someone other than yourself typed the letter you will include your initials in capital letters followed by the typist's initials in lower case in the following format; AG/gs or AG:gs.(http://www.letterwritingguide.com/businessletterformat.htm)

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)

We use quotation marks “……………………………………” and it should be word for word.

Example : Sandy said “she’s beautiful”.

                                    Or

                “She is beautiful”, Sandy said.

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Example : Sandy said that the girl is beautiful.

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past. Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

Explanation Text

Explanation text Is a text that contains the processes associated with natural phenomena, social, science, culture and more. An Explanation text is usually derived from the corresponding author of the question 'why' and 'how' of a phenomenon.

                Communicative purpose of the Explanation text is to explain the processes that occur in the formation or activity associated with natural phenomena, social, science, culture, and others that aim to explain. 

Generic Structur Explanation Text

              1. A general statement

                In a general statement contains a general explanation of the phenomenon to be discussed, the phenomenon could be the introduction or explanation.

       2. A squenced of explanation

                A squenced of explanation contains an explanation about why the phenomenon may occur or be created. A squenced of explanation in the form of answers to the question 'why' and 'how' the writer when creating a text Explanation. In squenced of explanation can contain more than one paragraph.

       3. Closing

                Actually closing it is not listed in the generic structure of the Explanation text, but most people assume that the last paragraph of the Explanation text is closing, but it is part of squenced of explantaion which contains the final step described in section squenced of explanation.

     Language features Explanation Text

                • Using Focus on generic, non human participants ( ex : chocolate, tree,etc) 

                • Using Noun phrases ( ex : cacao tree, tree seeds, etc)

                • Using the simple present tense

                  (ex : e.g Chocolate starts with a tree called the cacao tree.)

                • Using the Passive Voice

                  (ex : e.g The beans are fermented for about a week.)

                • Using Action verbs

                  (ex : e.g The chocolates maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour)

Blamming and Accusing Someone

 

Blaming ( menyalahkan ) 

Blaming : when someone said that person did a mistake that should be her/his responsibility, like choosing wrong way.

Blaming is an expression that is used to say on somebody the responsibility for something done (badly or wrongly) or not done: He blamed his teacher for his failure.

Blaming is finding fault: if you don’t do the work well, you will incur.